<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><oembed><version>1.0</version><provider_name>EU-Logos</provider_name><provider_url>https://eulogos.blogactiv.eu</provider_url><author_name>EU Logos</author_name><author_url>https://eulogos.blogactiv.eu/author/communicationeulogos/</author_url><title>L’exclusion numérique : Comprendre et Apprendre pour Mieux Lutter</title><html>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In 2018, almost four in five (79%) people between the ages of 16 and 74 use the Internet at least once a week &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In the European Union (EU), about 1 in 7 people have never used the Internet. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus, if our society has become an information society in which communication is at the center, it simultaneously creates exclusion and apprehends its evolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It&#039;s digital exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dynamically analyzed, many more people are affected by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;the appearance of new technologies, making obsolete the previous ones, participates, little by little, to the exclusion of the individuals who do not manage to follow the step &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Necessarily attached to social inclusion, however, is to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;understand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;what exactly is digital exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The main solution for digital outsiders, whether voluntary or not, is to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;learn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;, to acquire the minimum know - how necessary to avoid exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Finally, all hope is not lost because, to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;fight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; against exclusion, many solutions exist, sometimes much easier to implement than it seems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The progressive march of modern civilization gradually increases, and in a more or less rapid proportion, the number of those who are inclined to resort to charity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;  &quot; Alexis de Tocqueville, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Memoire sur le pauperisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , 1835.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;During his trip to England, Alexis de Tocqueville discovers the working class neighborhoods of Manchester and raises the question of the paradox he is confronted with: the industrial revolution increases the capacity of wealth production and develops societies, yet this &quot;progressive march&quot; tends to increase the number of marginalized people. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus, as our society evolves, it becomes increasingly difficult for some to &quot;stay on the page&quot; and accompany changes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, an industrial revolution is defined less by the new technologies appear than by the changes made. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Today, in the era of information and communication, society is in full transformation, a true &quot;information and digital revolution&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Just as energy (the steam engine then electricity) has made it possible to create factories, leading to a concentration of jobs in urban areas, the Internet and the digital revolution are gradually determining the organizational base. a &quot;new economy&quot; based on the network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The gradual extension of this convergence to all economic sectors changes the modes of production and consumption and constitutes, in fact, the basis of a new industrial revolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As Manuel Castells, a Spanish sociologist, notes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The gradual extension of this convergence to all economic sectors changes the modes of production and consumption and constitutes, in fact, the basis of a new industrial revolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As Manuel Castells, a Spanish sociologist, notes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The gradual extension of this convergence to all economic sectors changes the modes of production and consumption and constitutes, in fact, the basis of a new industrial revolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As Manuel Castells, a Spanish sociologist, notes,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Advances in computing and telecommunications have allowed an obscure technology, which had no practical application outside of computing, to become the lever of a new type of society: the networked society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The digital revolution, like any major technological change, is generating economic and social growth, but also crises. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Moreover, the first great crises appeared with the industrial revolution and the speculations engendered by the development of the railroad. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;For a few years now, we have been experiencing the first information age crises on a variety of topics: data spoofing, profiling and digital smuggling, online misinformation, and more. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thanks to the digitization and development of the Internet, we are witnessing a profound transformation of the economic, social and cultural domains.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Because it transforms one of the most fundamental characters of humanity, namely communication, the digital revolution arises in all areas of human activity: of course the economy and the work, but also the education, cultural practices, social relations, or health. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The spread of the printing press in the 15th century greatly contributed to the collapse of the medieval system and opened up the modern era. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Five centuries later, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) could have similar consequences by enabling immediate communication between all, at any time and around the world and by opening access to the most formidable libraries that have been dreamed since Alexandria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Yet if Tocqueville were to travel to our country, the report would be identical. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;With the digitization, some walls have collapsed: the cost of access to knowledge, communication with loved ones, travel ..., but others have risen like the apprehension of new technologies that remains complicated for a whole party of the population born before its appearance, access to information and its exploitation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is sometimes difficult for some to have access to a computer for lack of financial means or simply because of their disability. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This is called the &quot;digital divide&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Understand what the &quot;digital divide&quot; is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is possible to define the digital divide as a &quot;breaking line,&quot; a line of division between those individuals or social groups who are - or feel - well integrated into the &quot;information society&quot;, d those who are - or feel - excluded from this society &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Border or fracture, like many other boundaries clearly drawn on cartographic representations, mental or theoretical, this line is difficult to see or even completely imperceptible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;However, we do not live quite the same way on one side of the border or the other. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At first glance, some would be tempted to assert that the digital divide does not exist as such, and would ultimately be a reflection of traditional socioeconomic cleavages: the elderly, disabled or destitute. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The subject remains to be qualified.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Manuel Castells, previously quoted, distinguishes several &quot;types&quot; of society:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;primary society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , focused on the exploitation of natural resources,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;secondary society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , dominated by the transformation of materials and industrial production,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;tertiary society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , society of the services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;To these is added a fourth type: the &quot;information  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;  &quot;, which would constitute a new stage in the development of our societies, in which the production, storage, circulation, processing and exploitation of information constitute the new predominant economic activity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The sociologist Luc Vodoz, professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), has for several years been conducting studies on the relations between social integration and digital integration. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Schematically, he distinguishes those who are &quot;inside&quot; from those who are &quot;outside&quot;, that is to say those who are integrated (inside) or not (outside) into the information society. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;On the occasion of interviews he notes as follows: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;in the interviewees&#039; minds, there is an &quot;inside&quot; and an &quot;outside&quot;, a perceptible world of technical and social know-how - sometimes accessible and sometimes out of reach. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In the same way that many people perceive themselves as more or less integrated into society as a whole, there are also many who feel themselves to be stakeholders or left out of access to the resources of the &quot;digital world&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;  &quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The finding is therefore very real that a real digital divide exists, corollary to the existing but not identical social fracture. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;From this fracture is implied a degree of integration more or less high.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;figure id=&quot;attachment_22940&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 361px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot; size-full wp-image-22940 aligncenter&quot; src=&quot;https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?resize=361%2C326&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px&quot; srcset=&quot;https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?w=361 361w, https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?resize=300%2C271 300w&quot; alt=&quot;img-1&quot; width=&quot;361&quot; height=&quot;326&quot; data-attachment-id=&quot;22940&quot; data-permalink=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?attachment_id=22940&quot; data-orig-file=&quot;https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?fit=361%2C326&quot; data-orig-size=&quot;361,326&quot; data-comments-opened=&quot;1&quot; data-image-meta=&quot;{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}&quot; data-image-title=&quot;img-1&quot; data-image-description=&quot;&quot; data-medium-file=&quot;https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?fit=300%2C271&quot; data-large-file=&quot;https://i0.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/img-1.jpg?fit=361%2C326&quot; data-recalc-dims=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social integration and exclusion, &quot;digital&quot; integration and exclusion - Figure from Vodoz L., 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;A strong interconnection between &quot;digital integration&quot; and social integration would position all individuals within the cloud of points. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At the bottom end of this cloud (&quot;southwest&quot; corner of the graph) would be positioned those combining strong digital exclusion and strong social exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At the other end of the cloud (&quot;northeast&quot; angle) would be positioned those with good social integration (globally) and the so-called &quot;information society&quot; more specifically. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The &quot;target of the rhetoric of the information society&quot; indicated at the top end of the cloud simply indicates that according to the proponents of the advent of an &quot;information society&quot;, this is where should to locate everyone,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus, to determine this degree of &quot;digital integration&quot; and, a fortiori, the digital divide, three questions should be asked:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Is there access to ICT? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ease of access to a suitable PC, existence of a connection to the network, the costs are they bearable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;What are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;the know-how? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Technical and social know-how insofar as they influence the ability to harness ICT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;What is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;access to content? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The aim is to determine the capacity to truly exploit the technical, informational and communication resources that ICTs hold.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;These questions, however, do not make it possible to establish the degree of exclusion / inclusion of an individual that at the moment &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;where he answers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;A number of factors may enhance integration, such as training courses or access to better computer equipment. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Family and social relationships also contribute to the evolution of this divide, for example grandchildren teaching their grandparents the use of the computer or their telephone, since parents grant more or less limited access to tablets and computer. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The opposite is all the more true that the &quot;digital&quot; exclusion can quickly be felt: the appearance of new technologies, making obsolete the previous ones, participates, little by little, to the exclusion of the individuals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus, anyone who previously knew how to use the &quot;clamshell&quot; phones and who can not or will not adapt to smartphones will be less digitally integrated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;Dynamic digital divide&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , which refers to feelings of integration or exclusion &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;as they vary over time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The main problems posed by the digital divide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In the light of technological developments, many people thought yesterday that they had sufficient technological skills capital and that today they find themselves destabilized or even lost. Likewise, those who today feel security of the &quot;right side&quot; of the digital divide - and therefore, on the face of it, no compelling reason to strive to improve its level of &quot;digital integration&quot; - may eventually be caught up and overtaken. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus the progressive obsolescence of material capital (for example a personal computer that is &quot;out of fashion&quot;) or cognitive (technical or other skills), patiently and conscientiously acquired, suddenly gives the individual concerned the impression that. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vodoz then speaks of &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;digital Sisyphus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Individuals thus have for eternal purpose to reach the required level not to be overtaken by the technological evolution, recurrent but still insufficient efforts, succession of hopes of &quot;to reach the goal&quot; and rough disenchantments &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn3&quot; name=&quot;_ednref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The difficulties of social integration due to &quot;digital handicaps&quot; are felt mainly at work: more and more jobs require a certain degree of computer skills or, more generally, ease in the field of digital technologies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In fact, digital exclusion can have a direct impact on social integration and the ability to find work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conversely, the widespread use of mobile phones has accentuated a certain fear of social exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In fact, many people - most of them young adults - know that they risk being excluded from the space-time of meeting with their peers if they can not be informed &quot;continuously&quot; of changes in places or hours of work. appointments that allow the use of smartphones via instant messaging services or SMS for example.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The error is not in vain or even preferable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Current education programs are constructed in such a way that the resolution of a problem is only envisaged by the construction of a linear sequential logic, that is, where each step must be carried out correctly before to be able to access the next step. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In fact, errors are perceived as faults, sources of blockage or failures rather than obstacles whose circumvention is a perfectly normal learning path.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The logic is different for digital tools. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The functionalities can be discovered and gradually apprehended according to an &quot;error-test&quot; logic. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Whatever the problem, finding a solution involves &quot;groping&quot; to gain access to useful data or mechanisms. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;No matter how many mistakes or &quot;fake paths&quot; are taken, most operations are reversible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Therefore, the exploration of the multiple access routes to the solutions sought is an integral part of the use of digital tools. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This method finds its place for example in (classical) algebra for solving equations. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This is the &quot;suppose and verify&quot; method. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In information science we will talk about &quot;generate and test&quot; ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Generate and Test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;) while in video games we talk about &quot;dying and trying&quot; ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Die and Retry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; ). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The error is therefore quite acceptable or even necessary in terms of computing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In addition, this approach is not totally devoid of intelligence contrary to what it may seem. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Biological evolution can be considered as a form of trial and error. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Random mutations and sexual genetic variations can be considered as trials and poor reproductive fitness, or a lack of improvement in fitness, as an error. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Thus, after a long period of accumulated &quot;knowledge,&quot; the adapted genomes are those being able to reproduce &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn4&quot; name=&quot;_ednref4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As noted earlier, the digital divide is not necessarily based on an individual&#039;s age or lack of will, as one might sometimes think. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In hope, the digital divide is the corollary of the social divide. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;As such, it appears necessary to work to minimize this divide, whether by local actions or international actions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At European level, the Union is working to reduce digital exclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Inequality and social exclusion are an important concern for the EU and part of the Europe 2020 strategy. Alongside spatial disparities (rural and urban), digital technology plays a special role in greater citizen participation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Technological developments and digital exclusion also contribute to the &quot;growth of wage inequality. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Although it is positive for general economic growth, technological progress increases wage dispersion by rewarding skills on ICTs, which are particularly valued in the field of economics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;At the same time, robotization and automation tend to replace unskilled or unskilled workers &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn5&quot; name=&quot;_ednref5&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Union proposes to reinforce investments in education and the acquisition of digital skills in order, on the one hand, to reduce existing social inequalities and, on the other hand, to offer equal opportunities. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It also involves challenging established work practices by training employees while creating new types of work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In addition, an in-depth analysis of the 2018 European budget plans shows the focus on digital inclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cyprus, for example, states that &quot;in view of the labor market, it appears necessary to open technical schools specialized in the acquisition of these skills&quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn6&quot; name=&quot;_ednref6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Estonia, particularly ahead in the digital domain, is planning an investment of € 600 million for the period 2015-2020 to support the acquisition of digital skills; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;This is intended to motivate students to choose areas of growing importance to the economy and to support the growing demand of the public innovation sector&quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn7&quot; name=&quot;_ednref7&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Regarding France, the government plans, 57 billion euros for its &quot;Big Public Investment Plan&quot; ambition including the creation of digital training to form a &quot;competent society promoting innovation&quot; and the establishment of a government for the digital age &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn8&quot; name=&quot;_ednref8&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It seems important to note that the EU was particularly ahead in the area of ​​digital inclusion since by the end of the 1990s, the European Commission had set up an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;ESDIS (Employment and Social Dimension of Information)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; expert group. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Society)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; whose work highlighted the prevention of digital exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;They recommended &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;digital literacy for all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;the lowering of technical and economic barriers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; to Internet access, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;the development of appropriate skills&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; for the efficient use of online services &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_edn9&quot; name=&quot;_ednref9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[ix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot; size-full wp-image-22941 aligncenter&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?resize=1280%2C662&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px&quot; srcset=&quot;https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?w=1280 1280w, https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?resize=300%2C155 300w, https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?resize=768%2C397 768w, https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?resize=1024%2C530 1024w&quot; alt=&quot;1210-12409560184r2o&quot; width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;662&quot; data-attachment-id=&quot;22941&quot; data-permalink=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?attachment_id=22941&quot; data-orig-file=&quot;https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?fit=1280%2C662&quot; data-orig-size=&quot;1280,662&quot; data-comments-opened=&quot;1&quot; data-image-meta=&quot;{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}&quot; data-image-title=&quot;1210-12409560184r2o&quot; data-image-description=&quot;&quot; data-medium-file=&quot;https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?fit=300%2C155&quot; data-large-file=&quot;https://i1.wp.com/www.eu-logos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1210-12409560184r2o.jpg?fit=1024%2C530&quot; data-recalc-dims=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bridging the digital divide at the local level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Several actors, especially local ones, have made the digital divide their object of work. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Beyond the interest in these initiatives, it is also about having a clearer idea of ​​what, in practice, can be done to reduce the gaps.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Interface3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Based in Brussels, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interface3.be&quot;&gt;Interface3&lt;/a&gt; works to reduce gender gaps in the different fields of the world of work. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;There is a particularly significant imbalance in ICT literacy, system operation and the construction of computer objects. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Less than 20% of women are now in ICT jobs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The digital divide therefore concerns the genre and it is in this that Interface3 intends to provide a solution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;This action involves offering awareness and introductory modules on information and communication technologies, orientation modules enabling women to discover the careers offered by the various computer science professions and finally , qualifying and certifying training leading to computer trades or trades making intensive use of these tools.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Emmaüs Connect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The foundation of Abbé Pierre, &lt;a href=&quot;http://emmaus-connect.org/&quot;&gt;Emmaus,&lt;/a&gt; has recently set up a center focused on social integration through digital and the fight against social and digital exclusion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In fact, the association acts in the field closer to the needs of people in integration and professionals who accompany them. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;It designs educational resources and offers workshops to learn about key digital services. It offers solidarity access to equipment and connection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The association is also developing services (assessment tools, maps, training) for social actors and public service operators to better support the era of 100% online.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Old &#039;Up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Old &#039;up is a French association dedicated to reducing the digital divide imposed on the elderly. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Starting from the observation that &quot;the significant lengthening of life, unforeseen, unprepared, could not sufficiently lead to a blossoming of the elderly in society&quot; the objective is to support all generations to digital learning through the acquisition of know-how and insurance in the use and presence on the internet. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Old &#039;Up conducts reflections and actions in the areas of accessibility and health, weaves the intergenerational bond, promotes older citizens&#039; contributions, useful in the evolution of the society of today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;These initiatives demonstrate that it is not necessary to put substantial resources in place to achieve results. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;In addition, it seems much more effective, locally, to offer training and support to avoid the digital divide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; In the era of the &quot;all digital&quot;, where administrative procedures are increasingly taking place on the Internet, the evolution towards a connected society seems inevitable, a full participation in the so-called &quot;information society&quot; seems to be imperative for everyone. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;There is, a priori, more room in our society, for techno-skeptics and other people who - for whatever reason - would be reluctant to the rampant computerization of multiple economic, social or political relations. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;By forcing the political compass on the &quot;target of the rhetoric of the information society&quot;, the digital and social divides will be superimposed and even confused, even if it means deepening the gap that was supposedly filled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Jean-Hugues Migeon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; [Translation] by Castells Manuel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Internet Galaxy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , Oxford University Press, 2001, 292p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; Luc Vodoz, &quot;Digital divide, social divide: on the borders of integration and exclusion&quot;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Sociologie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; , 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref3&quot; name=&quot;_edn3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; Vodoz, 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref4&quot; name=&quot;_edn4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; Wright Seward, &quot;The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding and Selection in Evolution,&quot; Proceedings of the sixth international congress on genetics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Volume 1. Number 6: 365. Available in English: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.esp.org/books/6th-congress/facsimile/contents/6th-cong-p356-wright.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://www.esp.org/books/6th-congress/facsimile/contents/6th-cong-p356-wright.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref5&quot; name=&quot;_edn5&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/european-semester_thematic-factsheet_addressing-inequalities_en.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref6&quot; name=&quot;_edn6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; [Translated by the author] https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/2018_dbp_cy_en.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref7&quot; name=&quot;_edn7&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; [Translated by the author] https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/2018_dbp_ee_en.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref8&quot; name=&quot;_edn8&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/2018_dbp_en_en.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eu-logos.org/?p=22938#_ednref9&quot; name=&quot;_edn9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;[ix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt; [Translated by the author] http://aei.pitt.edu/1228/1/living_work_gp_follow_COM_97_390.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</html><type>rich</type></oembed>