<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><oembed><version>1.0</version><provider_name>EU-Logos</provider_name><provider_url>https://eulogos.blogactiv.eu</provider_url><author_name>EU Logos</author_name><author_url>https://eulogos.blogactiv.eu/author/communicationeulogos/</author_url><title>#EUelections – New generation agreements : what challenges ?</title><html>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;“I think that’s a particularly bad agreement and let me say why… it’s not about trade : trade barriers  and  tariffs  between  Europe  and  America  are  already  come  down.  It’s  not  about  property rights. [&#8230;] This is not about being attractive for foreign investment. It’s about stopping the European Parliament  and  the  US  Congress  from  passing  regulations  that  would  protect  our  economy,  our people, our health &#8230; this is an attempt to increase the power of corporations, to run our economies, our societies. To me, this is at the heart of democracy. It’s not a trade agreement [1] ”&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;It is with these words, during an interview held in October 2015 for an association of scholars, that Joseph Stiglitz &lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;2&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt;  describes the TTIP, one of the new generation treaties that have been negotiated in recent years. In fact, many bilateral treaties, with difficult acronyms, have begun to be negotiated over the years: TTIP, CETA, EUSFTA, ASEAN, JFTA &lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;3&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt;. The latter are free trade agreements that the European Union wants to conclude with certain countries of the world.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;These « new
generation » treaties are distinguished by traditional agreements signed
between EU and third countries because they do not just aim to reduce tariffs,
but they try to break down any barriers&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;to trade.
Thus, they allow the European Union to increase trade and compete with the
world&rsquo;s major economic powers, such as China and the United States.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The CETA
(Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) was one of the earliest treaties
that the&nbsp; European&nbsp; Union&nbsp;
has&nbsp; negotiated.&nbsp; It&nbsp;
represents&nbsp; a&nbsp; new&nbsp;
agreement&nbsp; model&nbsp; that&nbsp;
aims&nbsp; to&nbsp; become universal. One of the causes of the
creation of this agreement is the economic and financial crisis of&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;2008.&nbsp; People&nbsp;
no&nbsp; longer&nbsp; had&nbsp;
the&nbsp; same&nbsp; purchasing&nbsp;
power,&nbsp; thus&nbsp; countries&nbsp;
began&nbsp; to&nbsp; understand&nbsp;
the importance&nbsp; of&nbsp; exports.&nbsp;
The&nbsp; EU&nbsp; has&nbsp;
understood&nbsp; the&nbsp; prominence&nbsp;
of&nbsp; extending&nbsp; and&nbsp;
strengthening trading relations in order to get out of the crisis.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;However,&nbsp; it&nbsp;
must&nbsp; be&nbsp; remembered&nbsp;
that&nbsp; these&nbsp; agreements&nbsp;
do&nbsp; not&nbsp; only&nbsp;
take&nbsp; into&nbsp; account&nbsp;
the commercial&nbsp; facet&nbsp; of&nbsp;
relationships&nbsp; between&nbsp; countries,&nbsp;
but&nbsp; also&nbsp; much&nbsp;
more&nbsp; complex&nbsp; and&nbsp;
delicate aspects. This type of treaty developed following the halting in
2008 of the Doha Round multilateral negotiations in the World Trade
Organization, which aimed to intensify global trade.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What
issues around these new generation agreements?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The  first  discontentment  on  these  treaties  concerns  the  lack  of  transparency  of  the  negotiations, widely perceived as fundamentally undemocratic. Indeed, the text of these documents is negotiated in  an  absolute  reserve.  The  article  218  of  the  Treaty on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union (TFEU) gives to the Commission the power to negotiate any commercial agreement “on behalf of the Members States”. Behind the scenes in the European Commission, business lobbyists have been dominating the preparation of the negotiations, at the expenses of trade unions, environmental and consumer groups &lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;4&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;New generation agreements also tend toward the harmonization of national regulations in sanitary, social,  technical  and  environmental  matters.  Regulatory  cooperation  under  TTIP  and  CETA  can perhaps be described as a process seeking to establish procedural frameworks on how governments can regulate. In many areas industries are no longer local and interest promoted at EU level will be similar to those in USA. It is clear that common regulatory process and requirement standards set under influence of multinational actors can be against public interest and the interest of citizens of European  Union  Members  States  and  citizens  of  United  States.  For  instance,  the  TTIP  risks bringing in Europe food and substances (pesticides or GMO, for example) that are forbidden in the European Union but allowed in the United States &lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;5&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The  dispute  settlement  mechanism  between  investors  and  States  (ISDS  &#8211;  Investor-State  Dispute Settlement) represents another novelty of the new generation treaties. It is a system of supranational courts  that  judge  controversies  between  states  and  companies  when  they  consider  themselves spoiled by a decision of the State &lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;6&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt;. Trade agreements aim to make it easier for enterprises to invest in the partner country and this mechanism allows companies to sue the foreign State if they feel&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;cheated by changes in public policies. Strong criticisms have been made to the ISDS. Indeed, it is considered  as  an  asymmetrical  Court  between  investors  and  states,  favouring  companies  and dissuading states from putting in place policies that could damage them or benefit citizens.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The&nbsp; fourth&nbsp; novelty&nbsp; (found&nbsp; in&nbsp; CETA,&nbsp; for&nbsp; instance)&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; « principle&nbsp; of&nbsp; liberalization&nbsp; by&nbsp; negative lists »:&nbsp; rather&nbsp; than&nbsp; cite&nbsp; the&nbsp; sectors&nbsp; they&nbsp; want&nbsp; to&nbsp; liberalise,&nbsp; the&nbsp; States&nbsp; assume&nbsp; that&nbsp; all&nbsp; services&nbsp; are liberalized, except for the sectors they have protected. This reverse mechanism implies the need for the State to specify beforehand its strategy of privatization and liberalization and a danger for the future, because it will not be possible to determine which public services will not be subject to the market in a later time.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;&gt;Flavio Mastrorillo&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;SOURCES&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[1] &lt;/em&gt;  https://ged-project.de/topics/competitiveness/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-joseph-stiglitz/&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[2] &lt;/em&gt;   Joseph  Stiglitz  is  one  of  the  leading  American  economists  and  a  professor  at  Columbia  University.  He  is  chief economist of the World Bank. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2001.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[&lt;/em&gt;3&lt;em&gt;] &lt;/em&gt; TTIP: commercial treaty between EU-USA ; CETA: trade agreement between EU-Canada ; JFTA: commercial treaty between EU-Japan ; ASEAN: trade agreement between EU-Vietnam/Thailand/Malaysia ; EUSFTA: commercial treaty between EU-Singapore.&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[4]&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;a href=&quot;https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2014/07/who-lobbies-most-ttip&quot;&gt;https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2014/07/who-lobbies-most-ttip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[5]&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peah.it/2015/07/no-ordinary-free-trade-agreements-health-and-the-new-generation-trade-agreements/&quot;&gt;http://www.peah.it/2015/07/no-ordinary-free-trade-agreements-health-and-the-new-generation-trade-agreements/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[6]&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/investment-court-system-new-generation-eu-trade-and-investment-agreements&quot;&gt;http://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/investment-court-system-new-generation-eu-trade-and-investment-agreements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;For more informations:&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;GED.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Interview&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; with&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nobel&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Laureate&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Joseph&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Stiglitz&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://ged-project.de/topics/competitiveness/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-joseph-stiglitz/&quot;&gt;https://ged-&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://ged-project.de/topics/competitiveness/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-joseph-stiglitz/&quot;&gt;project.de/topics/competitiveness/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-joseph-stiglitz/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Corporate Europe
Observatory.&nbsp; TTIP&nbsp; reloaded:&nbsp;
big business&nbsp; calls the&nbsp; shots on new&nbsp;
EU-US trade talks&nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2019/02/ttip-reloaded-big-business-calls-shots-new-eu-us-trade-talks&quot;&gt;https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2019/02/ttip-reloaded-big-business-calls-shots-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2019/02/ttip-reloaded-big-business-calls-shots-new-eu-us-trade-talks&quot;&gt;new-eu-us-trade-talks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Corporate          Europe          Observatory.          Who          lobbies          most          on          TTIP? https://corporateeurope.org/international-trade/2014/07/who-lobbies-most-ttip &lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Toute&nbsp; l’Europe.&nbsp;
CETA,&nbsp; TAFTA,&nbsp; JEFTA…Qu’est-ce&nbsp; qu’un&nbsp;
accord&nbsp; de&nbsp; libre-échange&nbsp;
« nouvelle génération » ?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.touteleurope.eu/actualite/ceta-tafta-jefta-qu-est-ce-qu-un-accord-de-libre-echange-nouvelle-generation.html&quot;&gt;https://www.touteleurope.eu/actualite/ceta-tafta-jefta-qu-est-ce-qu-un-accord-de-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.touteleurope.eu/actualite/ceta-tafta-jefta-qu-est-ce-qu-un-accord-de-libre-echange-nouvelle-generation.html&quot;&gt;libre-echange-nouvelle-generation.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;WTO. The Doha Round &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm&quot;&gt;https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Peah. No ordinary
Free&nbsp; Trade Agreements&nbsp; – Health and The New Generation Trade
Agreements &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peah.it/2015/07/no-ordinary-free-trade-agreements-health-and-the-new-generation-trade-agreements/&quot;&gt;http://www.peah.it/2015/07/no-ordinary-free-trade-agreements-health-and-the-new-generation-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peah.it/2015/07/no-ordinary-free-trade-agreements-health-and-the-new-generation-trade-agreements/&quot;&gt;trade-agreements/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;European  Papers.  An  Investment  Court  System  for  the  New  Generation  of  EU  Trade  and Investment  Agreements:  A  Discussion  of  the  Free  Trade  Agreement  with  Vietnam  and  the Comprehensive           Economic           and  Trade           Agreement           with           Canada &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/investment-court-system-new-generation-eu-trade-and-investment-agreements&quot;&gt;http://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/investment-court-system-new-generation-eu-trade-and-investment-agreements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Borta L., &lt;em&gt;« CETA – Bilateral Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada »&lt;/em&gt;, 2014, CES Working, Papers Volume 6 (n* 1), p. 17 – 31&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Yencken E., &lt;em&gt;« Lessons from CETA : Its implications for future EU Free Trade
Agreements »&lt;/em&gt;, 2016, OFSE Workshop Programme 1-B&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L’article &lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;https://www.eu-logos.org/2019/03/21/euelections-new-generation-agreements-what-challenges/&quot;&gt;#EUelections – New generation agreements : what challenges ?&lt;/a&gt; est apparu en premier sur &lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;https://www.eu-logos.org/&quot;&gt;Le portail de référence pour l&#039;espace de liberté,  sécurité et justice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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